What about pharmaceuticals

Contaminants 

  • Cross contamination risk from the feces to urine during excretion and collection in urine-diverting toilets 
  • Refer to Nathnael’s thesis on UV radiation to remove pharmaceuticals and pathogens – just say that we’re really looking into it, it’s possible (UV and other oxidation methods), redirect to say it’s more of a problem with pharmaceuticals in drinking water, when urine is spread on fields pharmaceuticals get degraded naturally by UV radiation from the sun https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135423006577 
  • OMP = organic micropollutant  
  • “The energy demand for removal of OMPs in water was <1500 J m-2, but for removal of OMPs in urine at least 10-fold more energy was needed. A combination of photolysis and photo-oxidation can explain the degradation of OMPs during UV treatment. Organic substances (e.g. urea, creatinine) likely inhibited degradation of OMPs in urine by competitively absorbing UV-light and scavenging free radicals. There was no reduction in the nitrogen content of urine during treatment. In summary, UV treatment can reduce the load of OMPs to urine recycling sanitation systems.”